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This is why we focused on Suzuki students, who would represent ideal вЂњnative speakersвЂќ of music. He told of listening to KreislerвЂ™s recordings again and again and being captivated with the soundвЂќ ( Hendricks 2011, p. He spoke about tone and sound at every lecture, at every lesson, and in many writings. Suzuki educator Winifred Crock stated that вЂњTone was an incredibly important issue for Dr Suzuki. In general, notation reading and theory are introduced after establishment of a routine of listening and practicing by ear. This method particularly emphasizes musical training by ear and playing by heart, through listening to the recorded performances of virtuosi and outstanding musicians ( Steinschaden and Zehetmair 1985).

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The Suzuki Method is a series of music education courses that has spread throughout the world, inspired by the acquisition of the mother tongue ( Suzuki 2013). In the present study with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we targeted students taking private violin lessons for about 10В years (range, 5вЂ“14В years) with the Suzuki Method ( ), which was initiated by ShinвЂ™ichi Suzuki. It is thus essential to focus on subcomponents of music, including pitch recognition and prosodic processing. The critical role of these right regions in prosodic processing has been suggested by lesion studies ( Ross and Mesulam 1979), and it has been confirmed by imaging studies as well ( Plante etВ al. Another potentially music-related region is the right lateral premotor cortex (LPMC) and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), that is, the right homologs of the left language areas ( Sakai 2005).

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Another study reported enhanced activations in both the auditory and motor regions, even when the auditory and motor tasks were separately tested in professional pianists ( Bangert etВ al. 2009), which claim has been supported by recent works ( Flinker etВ al. By using songs with lyrics as stimuli, we showed that the STG/HG activations were right dominant during the detection of errors in melodies, while they were left dominant during the detection of errors in lyrics ( Yasui etВ al. The most fundamental regions would be the auditory areas, that is, the bilateral superior temporal gyri and HeschlвЂ™s gyri (STG/HG), which are naturally involved in processing tonal pitch ( Hall and Plack 2009). 2014), and speech prosody ( Thompson etВ al. 2006), language-related skills including literacy ( Forgeard etВ al. Accumulating evidence suggests that musical training not only enhances various musical skills but also facilitates the interaction with other cognitive abilities, such as intelligence ( Schellenberg 2004, 2006), working memory ( Fujioka etВ al.

Moreover, active processes of music performance and perception may also involve predictive coding, which makes predictions about what could possibly follow next ( Koelsch etВ al.

Music performance is a highly complex task that requires precise regulation and integration of the sensorimotor system under the control of high-order cognitive functions of the human brain ( Herholz and Zatorre 2012 Miyamae 2018).

Training, syntax, right frontal regions, music, auditory areas Introduction These results demonstrate the existence of music-related signatures in the brain activations, including both universal and experience-related mechanisms. Third, activations specific to the group with the highest proficiency in music were observed under the tempo condition mostly in the right regions. Indeed, the right homologs of the language areas were specifically activated under the stress and articulation conditions. Second, music-experience-related activations were observed in multiple regions, including the right sensorimotor area under the pitch condition, as well as in the right premotor cortex under the articulation condition. First, we observed distinct activation patterns under these music conditions, such that specific activations under the pitch condition were consistently replicated for all tested groups in the auditory areas, as well as in the left language areas under the articulation condition. In the present functional magnetic resonance imaging study, we tested an error-detection task with different types of musical error (pitch, tempo, stress, and articulation conditions) and examined three groups of secondary school students having different levels of music experience. Although music is one of human-unique traits such as language, its neural basis for cortical organization has not been well understood.

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